Essay Examples on James Madison Essay Example

Essay Examples on James Madison Paper 1st Essay Sample on James Madison James Madison was the fourth president of the United States, he was also one of its founding fathers.In his political career he worked for American independence and helped to establish the government of the new nation.He was secretary of state, and finally president. James Madison was born in 1751 and was raised in Orange County, Virginia.He received most of his schooling at home, from his grandmother.When he was twelve he went to the school of Donald Robertson in King and Queen County. After a few years with Robertson, he studied with Reverend Thomas Martin for about one year. In 1769 he enrolled in the College of New Jersey, which is now Princeton University.Madison concentrated mostly on the study of history, government, and public law.In 1771 he received his degree and pursued some postgraduate studies. Uncertain about a career, he read about literature, theology, and law. In 1774 Madison was elected a member of Orange Countys committee of safety, which carried out certain governmental functions as provided by the Continental Congress.In 1776 he was elected a delegate to the Virginia constitutional convention.Here he worked with Virginia legislator Thomas Jefferson in establishing religious freedom as part of Virginia law.When the Virginia constitution went into effect in 1776 Madison became a member of the legislature.In the meantime he had been appointed to the governors council, where he gained valuable experience in politics. In December 1779 Madison was elected to the Continental Congress, where he took his seat the Virginia delegation.He was the youngest man in Congress.After a few months he assumed leading role in Congress. In 1781 the war for independence came to an end, and the United States was assured independence.The new nation had to decide on a form of government and its relations with its neighbors. 2nd Essay Sample on James Madison We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on James Madison specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on James Madison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on James Madison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer James Madison was born on March 16 1751, in FortCaonway Virginia.He came from a somewhat wealthy family of Virginia plannters.Madison was educated at The college of New Jersey, Wich is now known asprinceton.He graduated in 1771, continued his studies for another year, and then returned home in 1772.Hefirst became involved in politics by joining the Commitee of Safety in 1774.Two years later he Joinedthe Virginia Constitution convention,and earned the title ‘Father of the Constitution’ by writing a large Portion of the ammendments.James Madison joined the first Legislature in 1777, and played a major roll in both the Virginia plan, ang the Great Compromise.He assisted Alexander Hamelton, and John Jay in Writing the Federalist papers.The Federalist Papers were written to convince people tobecome Federalists.He signed twenty-nine out of eighty-five of these under the psuedonym, Publius. Madison led the Proradificationforces in the Virginia ratifying convention. He addedsev eral ammendments to the constitution.

The Relationship between Vocal Health and Contemporary Singing essay

The Relationship between Vocal Health and Contemporary Singing essay The Relationship between Vocal Health and Contemporary Singing essay The Relationship between Vocal Health and Contemporary Singing essayPeople of â€Å"vocal† professions – actors, singers, speakers, teachers, and others inevitably encounter in their activities with the problems of voice health care. However, little attention to voice hygiene in schools results in improper voice use leading to both acute and chronic illnesses that require treatment of phoniatrician, otolaryngologist, or phonopedist. Thus, at the early stages of the learning process, the vocal department students already form the attitude to the problem of maintaining the phonation function in working condition as to a medical issue, whereas in our view, a singer’s vocal health is primarily a pedagogical problem. In particular, we consider it fundamentally important for the learning process of vocalists to develop a system of measures to preserve the vocal health, and develop practical skills for its maintenance.First of all, it should be noted that the voice expl oitation should be carried out strictly according to individual capabilities, peculiarities of vocal apparatus structure and the level of singing skills. Irrational use of voice (unusual tessitura, prolonged singing, forcing sound) leads to diseases of the organs involved in voice generation, namely acute and chronic occupational laryngitis, papules on vocal cords, bleeding in vocal cords. In addition, contemporary singers very often face a situation where the vocalist finds oneself in acoustically uncomfortable conditions: singing in an anechoic room with a lot of upholstered furniture absorbing sound, singing at the rehearsal in a small room, especially with live drums, giving concert without foldback. As a result, for example, from 300 singers and musical groups of Tartu (Estonia), 85.3% suffered from disorders of voice, and 73% of them had abnormal larynx diagnosed by laryngoscopy and stroboscope. Further,145 persons had a chronic inflammation of the larynx, and 142 singers show ed functional disorders as a defect of the glottis closing, and uneven movement of cords (DeVore Cookman, 2009).Good voice hygiene suggests that vocal exercise should not last more than 45 minutes without a break, should be regular, start with singing warm-up and held in tessitura peculiar to the individual’s voice. Otherwise, overloading weakens laryngeal muscles, the voice loses its sonority, becomes uncontrollable, and excessive mucus accumulates in the larynx. At the same time, little, insufficient, irregular exercise leads to rapid fatigue of the apparatus, its poor endurance. In this case, it becomes crucial for the singers to develop the skill to listen to the body, learn its capabilities (Sataloff, 2006). The skill of muscle control while singing is the ability to â€Å"listen† to the muscles of the vocal apparatus, know the feelings of proper singing, which helps to cope with difficulties in acoustic changes, that is to be guided not by hearing, but by the us ual, tried and tested experience. This, for example, helps to sing well in the choir when the own voice is not heard.In turn, the training of individual vocal, auditory skills, and muscle control skills are directly related to the efficient vocal exercises. In particular, it is necessary to be able to prepare the voice for both, operation and recreation, which requires a vocalist to master special complexes like warm up and warm off. Thus, the shorter the performance is and the more time left to it, the longer the warm up is needed to be on top shape by the time of the performance (usually about 30 minutes). It is also necessary to warm up before each rehearsal. The load on the ligaments and the entire body should be reduced gradually as well. After singing is finished, conversational voice must sound normally, with no signs of hoarseness. If during the concert nothing unexpected happened to the voice, to relax, it is enough to sing the chromatic scale in the sound [i:] a few times or closed sound from a comfortable key in mid-range to the lowest note, and then pause for a while (Peckham, 2005). If the voice is somehow affected by the forcing, it is necessary to repeat this a few times to achieve the effect.Contemporary singers should also note the significance of the psycho-emotional state, as all the changes occurring in the human body primarily affect the voice function. Favorable psychological climate, joyous mood, upbeat tone, cheerfulness, keeping the sleep schedule – these are the keys to healthy vocalising. In particular, it is known that chronic sleep deprivation removes force and sonority of voice and leads to fatigue. Peckham’s study (2005) showed that a well-rested vocalist copes better with technically complex vocal techniques, has better concentration and more power to master new vocal exercises and musical pieces. Cold training and sports contribute to the overall strengthening of the body. Singers are particularly recommended to d o swimming, fencing, rowing, tennis, gymnastics and breathing exercises.Diet also influences the voice sound. In particular, for singers it is harmful to eat foods that irritate the mucous membrane spicy, bitter food in large amounts, overly sweet or sour, piping hot or icy cold foods, as well as carbonated water. In addition, digestion requires a rush of blood to the digestive organs, which decreases activity of voluntary muscles of the larynx. Full stomach also presses on the diaphragm and interferes with normal breathing. Therefore, it is recommended to have meal not later than 2-3 hours before the start of exercises or performances (Sataloff, 2006). It should also be borne in mind that before singing one should not eat nuts, seeds, biscuits, vegetable oil, chocolate, grapes, as small particles of these products are deposited in the folds of mucous membrane, can cause a feeling of tickling and desire to cough, which interferes the process of the vocal apparatus.Meanwhile, normal state of the vocal apparatus is when all the mucous membranes are moistened. Therefore, during singing exercises it is recommended to moisturize the throat drinking still water, and generally follow the adequate daily intake of water. The main factors of throat dryness are the insufficient room humidity, strong tea and alcohol abuse. Thus, the use of alcohol also leads to reddening of the mucosa, edema and release of large amounts of mucus, dry throat, stagnant circulation phenomena, and hoarseness. Smoking gives a similar effect: tobacco smoke containing nicotine, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide and other harmful substances systematically irritating the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi promotes the development of chronic respiratory diseases (DeVore Cookman, 2009). Therefore, it is recommended not only get rid of this bad habit, but also to stop singing in areas where others smoke or have just smoked.Hogikyan and colleagues at University of Mic higan summed up 10 tips to keep voice in shape (Hogikyan Rosen, 2002):Drink water to avoid dehydration, avoid alcohol and caffeine.Allow several â€Å"vocal naps† every day, especially during periods of extended use of voice.Do not smoke, or if you already do, quit.Do not abuse or misuse voice.Keep throat and neck muscles relaxed both when singing high and low notes.Control the everyday speech voice.Do not clear throat too often.When getting tired, spare the voice.Having to speak publicly to large groups or outdoors, think about using amplification to avoid straining the voice.Humidify home and work areas as moist air is good for the voice.In general, singing requires great concentration of attention, mobilization of emotional and mental resources, and intellectual energy of the singer. That is why it is necessary to remember the importance of compliance with the â€Å"safety rules† that exist to prevent singer from losing the voice, if not forever, then for a long ti me, as well as to keep the vocal apparatus in optimal shape. Constant quenching with fresh air, sun, water, regular physical and vocal exercises, work and rest regimes and keeping balance of physical and spiritual strength – this is what should get in the habit of a contemporary vocalist (Sataloff, 2006). We see the appropriate fundamental components of the concept of a singer’s vocal health as the prevention of respiratory diseases, voice hygiene and speech functions rehabilitation. At the same time, the notion of vocal health for the singer should be polysystemic and considered in conjunction with the functional well-being of other organs and systems of the human body, as well as it should not be abstract, but present part of the basis of training. Solution to this problem lies primarily on vocal coaches, who are personally responsible not only for the artistic and technical skill level, but also for the formation of skills to maintain the vocal health in future sing ers.

Puritan thinking and eighteenth-century deist thinking Essay

Puritan thinking and eighteenth-century deist thinking - Essay Example The puritan philosophy emphasize on individual freedom and liberties of the common man (Vaughan, 1). The protests of the puritans against the influential power of the Pope exerted a spirit of liberty in other aspects besides theology. The demand for educated clergy brought about encouragement both in politics and intellectual life. Throughout history it has been suggested that the â€Å"Puritan concentration of attention upon the Bible had a remarkable educative effect on many minds† (Stimson, 323). The puritans believe that religion must have the ability to have both intellectual and emotional influence on people. Their demand for reasoning called for a higher intellectual life and activity (Stimson, 323). The most commonly known philosophy of the eighteenth-century deism is that it is God who created the world but thereafter He has not exercised any control over worldly events. In other words, a deist is someone who believes that there is a divine creator but at the same time rejects any divine intervention. According to deism philosophy, â€Å"human reason alone can give us everything we need to know to live a correct moral and religious life† (Craig, 853). There is however one group of deists who believe that God or the divine creator has a future world that stores rewards and punishments for human deeds in the current world. However, the other group rejects this philosophy. There is one common agreement between both groups that claim that only human reasoning can provide answers to questions of life and death, and there is no divine power to provide answer to religious questions that cannot be discovered by human reasoning. Deism emerged during the seventeenth and eighteent h centuries mostly in England, France and America (Craig, 853). Both puritans and deists believe in the God as creator of this world, but the difference lies in

Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Cold War - Essay Example The USSR needs to take a firm stand on the Afghan war. If we cannot, the war may be lost, and soon it will be difficult to contain the internal masses. If the war lasts for another four years, it will easily cripple our already fragile economy. It will be difficult to justify to the subjective masses why we sponsored the war without the necessary capacity to sustain and win it within acceptable time frames. Winning in the nearest future (perhaps one or two years) means that the USSR has to commit more resources to the war, on such a large scale as to beat President Reagan’s enormous funding. While such a move is relatively highly risky and a huge gamble, its success will be the ultimate prize. One serious and immediate concern for your leadership is the growing influence of the US in Western Europe. We understand that the United Kingdom and France are jointly building aerial interception centers and equipment for launching long-range missiles. In fact, our intelligence has gone beyond this public faà §ade and exposed the real reason why the centers are being built. These are centers for launching both ground and aerial attacks on the USSR and conduct aerial surveillance in the country. Without the possible option to bomb these centers down, for the obvious reason we feel we may not amicably bear the escalated consequences of such a move, it is important to set up a counter-station in Eastern Europe for our own protection. Recently, the US has shown greater willingness to engage us in a nuclear war.

Managers, Management and the Management Environment Lab Report

Managers, Management and the Management Environment - Lab Report Example Effective management requires the organisation management to have a vision, objectives, policies and strategies that must be forecasted. Enhanced management practices have regularly being linked to diligence, superiority, involvement, and regulation of strategic-planning practice by the organisation’s leadership (Harrison, 2003). This discussion paper will focus on the impact of current management practices within the hospitality industry particularly the influence of culture, technology and parochialism in regards to their human resources function. The study will examine why diverse management practices in the industry have impacted negatively on employee turnovers and how modern management practises can offset this trend. There are three main managerial levels in organisations that encompass the top, middle and lower level management levels. The upper level is represented by the company board and managing director or the CEO who formulates the strategic plans for the entire organisation. The middle hierarchy of administration comprise of functional managers including the human resources, marketing, and finance department managers. The lower echelon is made of the front-line managers and their supervisors who must be endowed with commensurate technical skills that qualify them run the daily operations of the organisation. These strata nevertheless necessitate diverse skills to qualify for the particular level’s specific duties hence the top managers need conception or analytical skills to make strategic decisions while the mid-level managers require human skills to interact well with all stakeholders but the last level only necessitate appropriate technical acumen to discharge their duties effe ctively (Robin and Coulter, 2002). [See illustration below Figure: 1] Within the hospitality industry, the management has acknowledged the significance of having quality

How do the films address and represent indian national identity?

How do the films address and represent indian national identity? Its a fairly well-known fact that the Indian film industry is the most active in the world, producing more number of movies each year than any other (including Hollywood). Few of those films, however, reach the international market. Occasionally, however, a worthwhile picture causes enough people to take notice that it becomes a favourite on the international film festival circuit. The movie Roja (1992) and Bombay (1995) directed by Mani Rathnam crossed the National boundaries. Roja (1992) and Bombay (1995), which deals Kashmir terrorism and the riots in Bombay after the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya by Hindu fundamentalists. Roja (1992), a patriotic love story against the backdrop of Kashmir terrorism, was dubbed from Tamil language and released in Hindi and other languages became a huge success all over the nation. The movie depicts a serious theme of ‘National Integration after the war between India and Pakistan on a territorial dispute in Kashmir borders. The local militants group of Islamist in Pakistan who seek to claim Kashmir initiated the war. The movie created an awareness of growing terrorism in Kashmir borders. Mani Rathnam was critically acclaimed for the theme chosen (National Integration) after its release. Roja revolves around one Mans love for his motherland and a wifes unfailing love for her husband. Rishi Kumar (Aravind swamy) is the lead (character) in the movie. Mani Rathnam films focus not much on individual characters but on complex plots and events of history. Roja won the national award for the best film and is regularly screened on Indian state television following Independ ence Day promoting â€Å"National integration†. It was a turning point in Indian cinema to portray a different genre with delicate music. The story line is about how a girl, who never crossed her village boundaries managed to bring her husband back from the terrorists trap in Kashmir. The message conveyed through the movie is wanted â€Å"peace† between the borders of India and Pakistan. Mani Ratnam always in his movie addresses the historical events of the nation that created any social difficulty. I will be analysing Roja, how it address the Indian national identity with key factors glorified in the movie. The movie was shot at different locations, southern and northern parts in India but the thrilling part was at Kashmir mountains where the terrorists set up their plot. The characters in the movie are well presented. The hero (Rishi) in negating his given religious identity in the first instance he embraces the terrorists leader saying hum ‘‘koi nahi hain† (we are none) but then he claims a name saying â€Å"hum sirf Indian hain† (we are Indians). It is also a kind of melodrama with a message of â€Å"National Integration† in it. (Ravi S.Vasudevan, 1996). The music of the film added success through emphasizing different Indian culture and the music was drawn on folklore, example in a song, gang of ladies singing and dancing with traditional Indian village costume depicting the National Identity. Much of Roja is set in Kashmir, which was formerly used as the major location for romance in Hindi movies, drawing on its association of earthly paradise, but which features rarely now because of political unrest and terrorism. One of the most memorable scene from the film is when the hero, Rishi, is taunted by his captors, Kashmiri separatists, who burn the Indian flag, where Rishi throws himself on it and catches fire, to the words of a song by the nationalist Tamil poet Subramania Bharathi â€Å"India is dearer to me than life† evoked the patriotism to intense. Music of the film represents the culture identities of different locations. The camera movements were glorifying especially in the chase scene where the hero Rishi (Aravind Swamy) tries to flee from the place where he was abducted by the terrorists. Cinematography of the film has been a major credit in representing the Indian National Identity through picturising the different geographical entity. It was watching thriller putting ourselves in the situation. Roja was well received by the audience in spite of some critical findings as it signifies peaceful relations between the two countries. The film turned to be huge success even catching the attention of international audience tapping into the growing fear of terrorists attacks across the world. Mani Rathnam second film Bombay (1995), has a central narrative of an inter communal marriage between a South Indian male and a Muslim girl in India, marked it as the most anxiously awaited film to be released. The board of censor and public response to the film were controversial after its release. The movie was dubbed from Tamil (south Indian) language to other different languages to spread the message of â€Å"unity† among the Indian religions across the nation. Bombay (1995) is a film based on communal riots, provoked by the demolition of the Babri Masjid (Mosque) by Hindu fundamentalist in December 1992. Mani Rathnam the director of Bombay has revolutionized the Indian Film Industry with technically strong films that are beautifully visualised conveying some kind of social message in it. It was the first film to portray the Muslim victims of the Bombay riots sympathetically. He sees his work as plea for peace between Hindu and Muslim. Instead, however it brought a permanently brewing conflict back to boil. He consulted Hindu majorities and Muslim minorities in this research. I believe that Mani Rathnam is concerned very much about the social issues happening across the country, that he gave a movie Bombay and a message in it. Indian audience come to theatre looking for some entertainment, so the movie is portrayed with social representations relied on melodrama and music. Religious conflict has addressed the national identity in film Bombay. The film Bombay begins as a romantic drama depicting the growing love between a Hindu man (Aravind swamy) and a Muslim woman (Manisha koirala). Bombay was an inspiration on the history of events that happened in December 1992. The Hindu fundamentalists around India, who demanded the building of a temple at Ramas (Indian god) birthday place in Ayodhya, on a site then occupied by the a mosque was demolished, which initiated the (Bombay riots).(Dwyer Rachel,2006). I will analyse the production, reception, theme and the national identity that the movie exemplify. The characters of the film are given great importance specifically, shekhar (Arvind swamy) a student studying journalism in Bombay and shaila banu(Manisha koirala) a Muslim schoolgirl in the village. Eventually, they both fall in love. The marriage proposal was denied by both the parents because of religious conflict. Shekhar with shaila elope to Bombay, where they start a new life away from their parents. Although Bombay and Roja solicit quite different sentiments, both arise from a similar subjectivity that of a hero presented with the characteristics notations of professional identity, cosmopolitan, ideological humanism, rationalism, and marginalization of religion. Although the film was about Bombay, it was shot in constructed sets at Madras. The art director Thotta Tharani constructed small town sets of Bombay in limited production value that looked like Bombay. Inspired by the documentation and re-creation of the Vietnam war, Rajiv Menon the cinematographer took for his models of ‘Apocalypse Now'( 1979 ) and the ‘Killing Fields (1984 ) to convey a heightened sense of reality in Bombay that was horrifying yet to be ‘stunning and beautiful (Lalitha Gopalan, 2005, p.21). The music by A.R Rahman was extraordinarily moving and the back ground score was emotionally evoking the sense of patriotism. The songs were beautifully picturised across South India and they portray different culture. Especially the song ‘Kannalanae/with my eyes depicts the Indian tradition of celebrating a marriage ceremony. Most of the Bollywood cinemas contain elements of music, comedy and melodrama, as the tradition and culture in India posses it. The film was set to be released in 1994 but a series of events involving the Board of Censors in Bombay and Madras, sensitivity to reminding Muslim of the campaign against them appears to underlie the censor boards deletion of the following visuals of the Babri Masjid and its demolition. The protests from two communal groups and the instructions from police delayed the film release until April 1995. Political and religious entity portrays the identity of the nation state. Bombay did not receive a warm welcome from the audience; instead several forms of protest were raised. The Muslim community started sending letters to editors of newspaper and many theatres were ransacked. Director Rathnam has shown great courage in making this picture (bombs were thrown at his house after its release), showing the aversion towards the subject. Later the movie was a great success in spite of chaos happening all over the country. The movie crossed the National boundaries and gained some international recognition. Bombay brings out the climax scene very well showing a human chain symbolically denoting the end of riots and reunites that still remains memorable. The film thereby sets out a symbolic representation of a common enough past, present and future logic. The film is an appeal for unity and peace in Hindu and Muslim within the nation. Roja and Bombay are the films which engaged with contemporary issues about Indian nation state. There is a suggestion here that the films vision of bringing to an end of antagonism nevertheless entails the reproduction of difference. The film projects a transcendent secular modernity and national identity square with its production. These films offered a universal identification to Indian cinema. Broadly speaking Nation can defined in seven ways in Indian subcontinent. They are Ancient civilization entity, composite culture, political entity, religious entity, geographical territorial entity and unity of Nation. Roja and Bombay is composed of all these entities represent the National Identity. Robert Pascals Theory on Icy Moons | Analysis Robert Pascals Theory on Icy Moons | Analysis In Robert Pascals research article, Physiochemical Requirements Inferred for Chemical Self-Organization Hardly Support an Emergence of Life in the Deep Oceans of Icy Moons, Pascal presents different hypotheses of the formation of life on icy moons compared to life on Earth. Liquid water, free energy, and organic matter are the three essential components to start the origin of life. In addition, the complexity of the environment and the structure of the entity itself are also essential to the formation of life. On these icy moons, Pascal states that there would have been an event which was highly unlikely, taking place to combine these components. These events are considered, because our knowledge of astrobiology is only limited within the parameters of Earth. On icy moons, life will be significantly simpler than of life on Earth due to the insufficiency of the components used to start the origins of life. The first component is liquid water, water plays a major role in creating life on Earth and most of the living organisms on Earth grow in wet environments. The properties of water being a solvent and to be able to dissolve mostly everything allow organisms to evolve in different environments. The second component is organic matter which is present in minerals. Organic matter is combined together with water and energy in a long process to help the entity grow its structure. The third component is energy which allows an endergonic reaction to take place to create a chemical reaction with water and organic matter. Kinetic barriers are also formed by existing energy around the entity which depends on the temperature in the environment during the origin of life process allowing system to maintain its equilibrium state and further evolve. In addition, the entity must be capable of reproducing itself leading to the evolution of the entity. The second law of thermodynamics is applied to demonstrate how the entity maintains its equilibrium state coupled with a form of stability, called dynamic kinetic stability (Robert Pascal, 2016) which enables the entity to reproduce itself towards an irreversible stage. Considering all theories and conclusions researchers have come to, Pascal states that the final parameters which determine how the origin of life will be formed is the covalent bonds of the entity relative to the liquid water around it, the temperature of the environment where the entity resides, liquid water, and an energy source equivalent to light. The origin of life of different extra-terrestrial systems depends on the complexity of the evolution of the entity and the complexity of its environment. The oceans on Jupiter and Saturns icy moons have a significantly lower temperature environment compared to the Earth, with no light or alternative energy source that would reach the entity to start any kinetic irreversibility leading to a conclusion that an event that was highly unlikely would have taken place to start the origin of life process in the oceans of the icy moons. It is believed that on the icy moons, chemical gradients are contained between the crust and the ocean which meets the criteria of the origin of life on Earth. Pascal uses the knowledge of astrobiology within the parameters of Earth to present three hypotheses about how life would form on these icy moons. The first hypothesis is called panspermia, which is the theory of the origin of life would have originated from microorganisms from outer space, which upon reaching a suitable environment, is able to initiate life. The second hypothesis considered entities that have experienced conditions that would allow the entity to take in liquid water through the environment and solar energy by exchanges through the atmosphere. The second hypothesis was deemed incompatible as the time duration of the process would be too short for the process of chemiosmosis. The third hypothesis was the subduction process in the ocean which would have activated chemicals capable of feeding the chemical protometabolisms. This shows that including the present day knowledge of astrobiology and the origin of life process, the origin of life process in the oceans of icy m oons must also include an event that would be highly unlikely of taking place as the formation of life on different extra-terrestrial systems depend on the complexity of its environment and the evolution of the entity itself. In Pascals Physiochemical Requirements Inferred for Chemical Self-Organization Hardly Support an Emergence of Life in the Deep Oceans of Icy Moons, the information in the hypotheses about the formation of life on icy moons are limited, because our knowledge of astrobiology is only limited within the parameters of Earth. Reference List Earth, P., Panspermia, H. and Panspermia, R. (2017). PANSPERMIA THEORY origin of life on Earth directed panspermia lithopanspermia meteorites Panspermia Theory. [online] Panspermia-theory.com. Available at: http://www.panspermia-theory.com/ [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. Khan Academy. (2017) Khan Academy, [online] Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/history-of-life-on-earth/history-life-on-earth/a/hypotheses-about-the-origins-of-life [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017].

Illegal Immigration to the U.S. Essay -- Cons of Illegal Immigration, I

Illegal Immigration in the States Works Cited Not Included Cynthia Tucker, an editor for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, published an article on the issue of the illegal immigration to the United States in October 2005, in which she argues that illegal immigration is one of the serious issues like crime, poverty, and terrorism which demands wise leaders who can solve this issue. She criticizes Tom Tancredo; a Republican congressional representative from Colorado, for promoting a legislation which she claims minimizes the rights of illegal immigrants. In her argument, she does not take into consideration the side effects on U.S society of illegal immigration and she ignores the cost of illegal immigration. For example, there is a study conducted by the Center Of Immigration Studies, an independent, non-partisan, non-profit research organization founded in 1985, which estimates that "households headed by illegal aliens used $10 billion more in government services than they paid in taxes in 2002."(Center of Immigration...). Cynthia Tuck er cannot defend her argument clearly and loses credibility because she attacks Tancredo himself and not just his argument, and she ignores issues related to immigration like terrorism. Tucker believes that the main reason for illegal immigration to the United States is the businesses who hire the undocumented workers, as cheap labor. She criticizes Tancredo for promoting this legislation and in the same time neglecting the businesses who hire them. She claims that Tancredo's legislation will deprive the immigrants from their writes, and this will affect the United States because these immigrants produce benefits. She illustrates the benefits of immigration to the States with two crucial... ...ple living in the United States and nearly one million arriving each year; as a result, the potential for terrorists entering the United States undetected is high. Center for Immigration Studies Director of Research, Steven Camarota explains that: "Because every part of our immigration system has been exploited by terrorists, we cannot reform just one area, but must address the problems that exist throughout (Center of Immigration...). Tucker ignores this serious issue which Tucker does not illustrate the whole facts and the issues that related to the issue of illegal immigrants to the States. She also does not criticize Tancredo's argument logically; instead she attack Tancredo himself. Finally, she does mention the other issues like terrorism, language and crime. At the end, Cynthia Tucker loses her credibility because she can not defend her argument clearly.